BA Hons. from University Malaya

His other positions include and has included: 
1. Chairman of The New Straits Times Press (Malaysia) Berhad;
2. Board Member, Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad;
3. Chairman and Chief Executive, Institute of Strategic  and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia; 
4. Member, Securities Commission Malaysia; 
5. Member, Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Operations Review Panel; 
6. Distinguished Fellow, Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR); 
7. Distinguished Fellow, Malaysian Institute of Defence and Security (MiDAS); 
8. Distinguised Fellow, Institute of Public Security Malaysia (IPSOM); 
9. Expert and Eminent Person, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF); 
10. Board Member, International Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies (IAIS) Malaysia; 
11. Member, National Unity Advisory Panel, Malaysia (2004-2009); 
12. Chairman, Malaysian National Committee, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (2005-2009); 
13. Co-Chair, Network of East Asia Think-tanks (NEAT) (2005-2006); and 
14. Co-Chair, Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) (2006-2008).

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