1. Master of Public Administration from the University of Pittsburgh, United States of America 
2. Bachelor of Arts (Honours) from the University of Malaya

He joined the Administrative and Diplomatic Service of the civil service in 1964, serving as an Assistant Secretary in the Public Services Department from 1964 to 1968 and as Assistant Secretary in the Development Administration Unit, Prime Minister's Department from 1968 to 1975. He served in the Ministry of Finance from 1975 to 1997, rising to the post of Secretary General to the Treasury. During his tenure in the civil service before his retirement in 1997, he sat on the Boards of the Pepper Marketing Agency, Tourist Development Corporation, Advisory Council of the Social Security Organisation (SOCSO), Aerospace Industries Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Malaysian Highway Authority, Malaysian Rubber Development Corporation (MARDEC), Port Klang Authority, Klang Container Terminal Berhad, Bank Industri Malaysia Berhad, Malaysia Export Credit Insurance Ltd, National Trust Fund (KWAN), Kumpulan Khazanah Nasional Berhad, Malaysian Airline System Berhad (MAS), Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS), Bank Negara Malaysia and Multimedia Development Corporation Sdn Bhd; and he was the Chairman of the National Pensions Trust Fund (KWAP). He also served as Chairman of the Inland Revenue Board in 1997. He is a trustee of Yayasan Nanyang Press and the National Kidney Foundation. He is also a member of the board of FIDE Forum, a public company limited by guarantee. He is the Chairman of Moet Hennessy Diageo Malaysia Sdn Bhd. He was instrumental in establishing the Securities Commission of which he was a member from 1993 to 1994 and was also a Board member of the Institute of Strategic and International Studies from 1989 to 1997. As Secretary General to the Minister of Finance, he was appointed as alternate Governor to the World Bank. He was Chairman of KL International Airport Bhd (KLIAB) from 1993 to 1999. On 16 July 2000, he was appointed as Executive Chairman of Percetakan National Malaysia Berhad (PNMB) and was Chairman of PNMB from 16 July 2002 to 31 December 2006.

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