1. Degree in Economics (Honours) from University of Malaya
2. Master of Science from University of London
3. Ph.D from the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University, USA
4. Attended a course on World Currency reform at Harvard University, USA
5. Conferred Honorary Doctorate in Economic Management by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

1. Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Prime Minister's Department (1972-1982)
2. Under Secretary Economics, Ministry of Finance (1985-1994)
3. Executive Director, Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (MIER) (1995-1997)
4. Head of Secretariat, National Economic Action Council (NEAC) (1998-2001)
5. Secretary General, Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (2001-2004)
6. First Founding President, Institute of Integrity Malaysia (IIM) (2004-2005)
7. Director General, EPU (2006-2009)
8. Chairman, Malaysian Industrial Department Authority (MIDA) (2010-2012)
9. Previously on the Board of National Petroleum Corporation (PETRONAS), Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) and the Companies Commission of Malaysia (of which he was the first Chairman)
10. Teaches economics and public policy as Adjunct Professor at the University of Malaya, and at Universiti Tun Abdul Razak and often contributes articles to the local media on the topics of economy

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