1. Degree in Economics (Hons.), University of Malaya 2. Master of Science, University of London 3. Ph.D, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, USA 4. Attended a course on World Currency reform at Harvard University, USA 5. Conferred Honorary Doctorate in Economic Management by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
1. Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Prime Minister's Department (1972-1982) 2. Under Secretary Economics, Ministry of Finance (1985-1994) 3. Executive Director, Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (1995-1997) 4. Head of Secretariat, National Economic Action Council (NEAC) (1998-2001) 5. Secretary General, Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (2001-2004) 6. First President, Institute of Integrity Malaysia (IIM) (2004-2005) 7. Director General, EPU (2006-2009) 8. Chairman, Malaysian Industrial Department Authority (MIDA) (2010-2012) 9. First Chairman of Companies Commission of Malaysia (2003-2004) 10. Previously on the Board of National Petroleum Corporation (PETRONAS) and FELDA 11. Teaches economics and public policy as Adjunct Professor at the University of Malaya, and at Universiti Tun Abdul Razak and often contributes articles to the local media on the topics of economy, development and public finance (Present) 12. Chairman, Malaysian Institute of Economic Research (Present) 13. Member of the Board of Bank Negara Malaysia (Present)
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