ULKEN: Kazakhstan began voting in a referendum on Sunday on whether to build its first nuclear power plant, an idea promoted by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's government as the Central Asian nation seeks to phase out polluting coal plants.

The plan has faced public criticism on concern over any related hazards, the Soviet nuclear testing legacy, and fears that Russia will be involved in the project.

"I have come to the conclusion that the decision to build the nuclear power plant, and to build it with (Russian state nuclear firm) Rosatom, has already been made in (Tokayev's office) and the people of Kazakhstan are being invited to polling stations as 'notaries' to authenticate this decision with their votes," popular blogger Vadim Boreiko wrote.

In the village of Ulken on the shores of Lake Balkash, which the cabinet has designated as the site to build the plant on, some locals hoped the project would bring jobs while others expressed concern about the impact on the quality of the lake water.

"I support the power plant," said Dametken Shulgeyeva, who has lived in the village of 1,200 people for more than 20 years. "This is our future."

Despite its sizeable natural gas reserves, the Central Asian nation of 20 million relies mostly on coal-powered plants for its electricity needs, supplemented by some hydroelectric plants and the growing renewable energy sector.

Kazakhstan already imports electricity, mostly from Russia, as its facilities, many of which are old, struggle to meet domestic demand. And coal is generally regarded as the most polluting energy source.

The government says a reliable energy supply is needed to supplement renewable sources such as solar and wind power, and, since Kazakhstan is one of the world's biggest uranium producers, nuclear power is a logical choice.

"In order not to remain on the sidelines of global progress, we must use our competitive advantages," Tokayev said ahead of the vote.

The former Soviet republic, however, does not enrich uranium to the point where it can be used as fuel. The cabinet estimates that a nuclear power plant would cost US$10 billion-US$12 billion to build.

Critics say the same goal could be achieved with gas-powered plants which, although they still use fossil fuel, are much less polluting than coal plants and come with less risk.

Kazakhstan was part of the Soviet Union in 1986 when the Chornobyl nuclear disaster occurred, and tens of thousands of Kazakhs took part in the subsequent clean-up operation which left many with lifetime health issues.

The country was also the site of hundreds of Soviet nuclear weapon tests which have made swathes of land uninhabitable, led to disease among people in nearby areas, and have made many people distrustful of anything nuclear.

The referendum will be considered valid if more than 50 per cent of registered voters cast their ballots.

Tokayev, who publicly cast his vote in the capital Astana told reporters he had no single country or company in mind as a potential contractor.

"My personal vision on this matter is that an international consortium would need to work in Kazakhstan made up of global companies that possess the most advanced technologies," he said.

 - Reuters