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CS Tan
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This book is the result of the author's many years of experience and observation throughout his 26 years in the stockbroking industry. It was written for general public to learn to invest based on facts and not on fantasies or hearsay....
Posted by kcchongnz > 2013-04-07 08:45 | Report Abuse
Value investors purchase stocks at relatively low prices, as indicated by low price-to-earnings (P/E), price-to-book (P/B), and price-to-sales (P/S) ratios, and high dividend yields (DY). Investing for "growth" results in just the opposite -- high P/E, P/B, and P/S ratios, and low DY. There are valid reasons why investors are willing to pay a higher price for growth stocks. A firm with a higher growth will grow its earnings at an accelerated rate compared to a low growth firm. Assuming a firm A earns 10 sen a share a year now and it pays no dividend, with all its earnings reinvested into the business with the same return. Assuming its earnings grows at 10% a year. In 5 years time, its EPS will grow to 16 sen (10*(1+10%)^5). If the growth rate is 30%, EPS after 5 years will be 37 sen, more than double that of the growth at 10%. Table 1 below shows the EPS at different growth rate. Table 1: Earnings growth rates Earnings growth 5% 10% 15% 20% 30% EPS in 5 years $0.13 $0.16 $0.20 $0.25 $0.37 So shouldn’t a stock with higher expected growth rate sell at a higher valuation, and how much should it be? This brings us to the concept that “The value of a firm is the sum of expected future cash flows generated by the firm discounted to the present value”. Assuming stock A above is selling at $1.00 and hence at a PE ratio of 10. Let’s say my required return investing in A is 10%. In 5 years time A’s EPS grows to 16 sen. Further assume that A is still selling at a PE of 10 in 5 years time, or $1.60. The present value of this future cash flow is also $1 (1.6/(1+10%)^5). So if you have bought the share at $1, you are paying a fair price. If you pay 1.50 for the stock now, or at a PE of 15, you are paying a high price; but you pay 50 sen for it, or at a PE of 5, you got a real bargain. Now let us look at a stock B with present EPS of 10 sen also but a high expected growth rate of earnings of 20%. Its EPS will grow to 25 sen in 5 years time. Assuming you pay a higher price at $2 to buy B now, or a PE of 20 and after 5 years, it is still selling at a PE of 20, the price then will be $5.00 (20*0.25). If you discount this price at 10% back to the present value, it is $3.10, more than 50% above the price you pay. You got a great deal even if you pay a higher price of PE of 20 for a stock B growing at 20% for the next 5 years. Table 2 below shows the effect of growth rate and PE ratios on the fair prices of stocks. Table 2: Effect of growth and PE ratio on stock prices Earnings Growth PER $1.00 5.0 10 15 20 25 30 5.0% $0.40 $0.79 $1.19 $1.58 $1.98 $2.38 10.0% $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 15.0% $0.62 $1.25 $1.87 $2.50 $3.12 $3.75 20.0% $0.77 $1.55 $2.32 $3.09 $3.86 $4.64 25.0% $0.95 $1.89 $2.84 $3.79 $4.74 $5.68 30.0% $1.15 $2.31 $3.46 $4.61 $5.76 $6.92 We have seen that it is justified to pay a higher price for stock B which has a higher growth than A. If investors see the consistency of the growth in B, they may be willing to pay a higher valuation for it 5 years later. As shown from Table 2, if the rate of growth is maintained at 20%, and valuation expanded to a PE of 30, the present value of stock B is worth $4.64. The problem is the “growth” we are talking about is the future expected growth, a forecast figure which is not easy to predict. The growth estimate, especially those with very high rates often do not last long enough to justify the high PE. In the case of stock B, if the forecast growth rate is lower than expected, say at 10%, instead of 20%, and that the PE ratio contracted to 15 as a result, investors who have paid $2.00 initially, would have its present value dropped to $1.50 after 5 years as shown in Table 2. So there is a price to pay for growth. Paying a fair price for growth expectation may earn an extra-ordinary return for investors; but paying too much for growth is detrimental to the return of investment. Of course the best thing to do for investor is paying a good price for a growth stock. Do you have some stocks in mind to share? KC Chong (7/4/2013)