Cold Eye冷眼’s 5 yardsticks for investment
Cold Eye, during his talk on 16/3/2013, listed 5 important criteria for investing in a stock as below:
1. Return on equity, ROE,
2. Cash flow from operations and free cash flow,
3. PE ratio,
4. Dividend yield and
5. Net tangible asset backing per share, NTA
If you invest RM100,000 in a business, you would want to have a reasonable return from the capital, or equity you put in. A business is risky and probably you may want a minimum return of say 25%. For investing in the share market, you may want a minimum return say 10%, 6% above the return you get from bank deposit? If the business only returns you 4%, why would you want to invest in it when you can get that rate from FD without having any worries at all?
In your business, you would expect that all your debtors pay you promptly and that you don’t have to stock up a lot of inventories which will tied up your capital. Otherwise you would have to put in more capital each year even though you make money. I would expect the hard cash I can received must be about the earnings I make each year. My business would also require capital expenses each year to keep it going, better growing bigger so that I would earn more in the future. This I would need to buy more and replenish the equipment , buy or open more shops etc. It would be ideal if these expenses can be met with the cash I receive each year and not having to come up with more of my own money or borrow from bank. After that, I would be happy if there is still money left for me to draw out (as dividend), or the company can have extra money to invest in other lucrative business. This money available after all the capital expenses is termed as free cash flow, or FCF.
If the above business make a lot of money, say 30000 a year, or 30%, would you buy it if the asking price is 1 million, or a PE of 33? This will give you a earnings yield of only 3%. Hence a good business does not mean it is a good investment if the price is too high.
How nice it would be if the business earns enough for me to draw down 10,000 a year consistently. For my dividend yield would be 10%, 2.5 times that of FD rate. Besides my business is still growing.
Well if at the end if I want to exit from the business, if the net tangible asset of my assets worth more than what I put in, or more, I can recoup my initial investment. These assets must of course the more valuable the better, for example hard cash, property and land etc, rather than some money which I have been arguing with the debtors whether they are going to pay me or not, or some inventories which are outdated. Hence NTA is important too although in some businesses, example the service industry where the important assets are its people, its technology or brand name rather than hard assets.
Do you have any good stocks meeting the majority of the above criteria as given by Cold Eye to share? Or any lemon you may know which you want to tell others to be careful about? This discussions here is for sharing of knowledge and information and should not be construed as a forum for hard selling or condemning others of their stocks without giving justifications.
Kcchongnz 17/3/2013
Posted by houseofordos > Apr 2, 2013 07:32 PM | Report Abuse wah kc, so fast u pick up MBL ar.. i still din manage to catch it :P
house, you must be trying to catch it at lower price. Good, you are following the philosophy of one of my sifu.
• The secret to successful investing is to figure out the value of something and then-pay a lot less Joel Greenblatt
For me sometimes I don't count on one two sen difference because I may never get it that way. If you refer back to our discussions, including that of gark, and my last evaluation of mbl based on Cold Eye's five yardstick, plus another additional yardstick of "growth", do you see some compelling reasons to invest in this stock? Yeah, I know, election fear. But again this type of thing very hard to say one. Who knows since most players, including institutional investors have left the market long time already, they may be getting impatient now and may jump in when election date is announced?
nhkch, I like to answer your question but most of them have been explained in the previous posts. First, read my explanations on top of this thread on the explanations of all these metrics. Secondly also read our posts on some of the stocks which i considered failing the yardsticks such as Ivory, Guan Chong etc which were posted here before. Try understand them, Google some terms which you may not understand. Then com back again if you still have any query.
For the explanation on CAR, compounded annual rate of growth, try Google also. Or if you are interested in my explanation, go to the thread below:
But I have to put into a spreadsheet of mine to find out the CAR. I don't know anybody can get the CAR of all the stocks anywhere or not. I doubt so. Some other data like dividends, you can get from their annual reports.
Correction on your FCF, my benchmark is it must be >5% of revenue, not <5%. Think intuitively.
Margin of safety is (intrinsic value-stock price)/intrinsic value. Again think intuitively.
Debt/capital is the ratio of total debt over total capital. Capital includes equity and debts. Debt is cheap but too much debt makes a company risky in case of economic downturn.
Many benchmarks I mentioned here is individual preference, and many are just common sense.
Yardstick 1: ROE JT reported an earnings of 23.1m for the common shareholders, or EPS 24.7 sen for the year ended 31/12/2012. With its net asset backing per share of 1.67, ROE is 17.6% which is better than the benchmark of 15%. This is good as it was achieved with a low total debt of 0.16 to assets.
Yardstick 2: Cash flow and free cash flow The cash flow from operations (CFFO) is 16.6m. This is 72% of its earnings of 23.1m. This shows the quality of the earnings is not that great. After spending 29m in capital expenses, there is a free cash flow (FCF) of 7.6m. 3.5m dividend was paid out from the FCF . This FCF is at 3% (<5%) of its revenue which is a little on the low side. As JT is growing very fast in revenue and earnings, these little low cash flows are considered tolerable.
Yardstick 3: PER JT is trading at 1.73 now. With EPS of 24.7 sen, the PE ratio is only 7.0 (<10). This is a reasonably low PE and considering that it has a healthy balance sheet with excellent earnings and growth.
Yardstick 4: Dividend yield JT paid a dividend of 3.8 sen for last financial year, or a dividend yield of 2.2%, a little low.
Yardstick 5: NTA The net asset backing per share of JT is 1.67. Hence at a share price of 1.73, the price-to-book value is 1.1 0 (<1.5).
Yardstick 6 (Non Cold Eye yardstick): Growth The CAGR of JT’s revenue and net profit for the last three years was 32% and 67% respectively. Last year’s growth was 84% and 113% respectively. This is a very high growth.
JT meets most of the criteria of Cold Eye as an investment grade stock except for cash flow and dividend yield. Yes the most attractive attribute of Johore Tin is its expected high growth for the next few years due to its acquisition of Abel Dairies, and yet it is selling at a reasonable valuation.
Yardstick 1: ROE Prlexus reported an earnings of 9.7m for the common shareholders, or EPS 28 sen for the year ended 30/6/2012. With its net asset backing per share of 1.53, ROE is 18% which is better than the benchmark of 15%. This was achieved with no debts.
Yardstick 2: Cash flow and free cash flow The cash flow from operations (CFFO) last year was 26.6m. This is 253% of its earnings of 9.7m. This shows the quality of the earnings is good. After spending 3.5m in capital expenses, there is a free cash flow (FCF), or owner’s earnings of 23.2m. 1.2m dividend was paid out from the FCF . 11.5m was used to pay down debts. This FCF is at 12% (>>5%) of its revenue or 54% (>>12%) of its invested capital. I can only use one word to describe this; Fantastic.
Yardstick 3: PER Prlexus is trading at 1.33 at the close on 9th April 2013. With EPS of 28 sen, the PE ratio is only 4.8 (<<10). This is a reasonably low PE and considering that it has a healthy balance sheet with excellent earnings and cash flows.
Yardstick 4: Dividend yield Prlexus paid a dividend of 3 sen for last financial year, or a dividend yield of 2.2%, not great but it is ok. Prlexus has not been paying any dividend for a long time already.
Yardstick 5: NTA The net asset backing per share of Prlexus is 1.53. Hence at a share price of 1.33, the price-to-book value is only 0.9 (<1.5). It is inexpensive. 50% of its assets is hard cash.
Yardstick 6 (Non Cold Eye yardstick): Growth The CAGR of Prlexus’s revenue and EBIT for the last three years was 8% and 45% respectively. Last year’s growth in EBIT and NI was 91% and 78% respectively. This is a very high growth.
Prlexus with the exception of dividend yield, meets all criteria of Cold Eye as an investment grade stock by a wide margin. But again one would expect a low dividend yield for high growth stock.
Here is another counter that might meet the 5 yardsticks and possibly undervalued:-
Willowglen MSC Berhad Willowglen MSC Berhad is engaged in the research, development and supply of computer-based control systems. Its supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system is used in security monitoring, building management and environmental control systems. During the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company delivered a hardware expansion board for the remote terminal unit (RTU) 6500 series, developed an internal hardware test system to further ensure manufacturing quality and released the SysLink version 3.8.2. SysLink 3.8.2 was developed to incorporate features, including openness, productivity and connectivity (OPC) client, support for more relational database servers and a new industrial standard protocol. Its operations are carried out in Malaysia, Singapore, Europe and other countries. As of December 31, 2009, the Company's subsidiaries were Willowglen (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., GB Tech Sdn. Bhd., Willowglen Services Pte. Ltd. and Willowglen (Hong Kong) Pte. Limited.
Dividend yield for 2012 at closing price of 42 sen is at 7.1% which is great. It's strong cash position enables a high dividend but even then the earnings have been able to sustain the dividend payouts as there is minimum investment on capex. It is a net cash company with no debts. Cash/share = 12.6sen
5) NTA The net assets per share is RM0.3. This implies a Price/NTA = 1.4 which is OK since this company is a service based company which is asset light.
The growth has been not been consistent over the past 5 years possibly due to high percentage of profit derived from contract customes.
This counter may not fit in as a growth stock for now but it is a financially sound company and even as a no growth stock offers a decend dividend yield which is supported by strong cash flow. Comments ??
house, well done. A few points here. A service based company's main asset is intangible, such as human resources, reputation etc. Hence book value is low as rightly pointed by you. Its ROE should also be high, which at I am surprised its ROE is just 21%. Maybe to much cash. A better metric may be is ROIC. CFFO for last two years are very low according to your tabulations. Occasional low CFFO and FCF is alright, more important is the trend and average. This is because sometimes due to lumpy payment of contract works and hence sometimes of high receivables. I would like to check further why such a low CFFO. Any inappropriate realization of future profits which costs have not been incurred? For growth, the future expected growth is important. Willow seems to be getting a lot of contracts recently which is good for future growth.
Overall Willow meets about half of the criteria. But that doesn't mean Willow has no great future. I would think the future is good based on its recent jobs secured.
KC, how does ROIC exlude the cash component of the company ? In the equation fron Investopedia
ROIC = (NI - Dividends) / Total capital
After subtracting the dividends gives the funds available to be reinvested into the company.
And also what is the definition of total capital ? Assets (including long term debt) ? Is cash not part of the capital or it it excluded in the calculation? Care to elaborate ?
house, the formula you get from Investopedia for ROIC is not good. I would say it is wrong because the numerator has excluded the interest payments for debts, but the denominator includes debts. Total capital = total equity +total debts. The dividends in the numerator i guess they refer to dividend to preferred shareholders, which companies in Bursa seldom have preferred stocks. Not everything in Investopedia is correct.
I try searching the net and I think the following link is best in explaining ROIC in simple terms.
Looking at the gross margins, its really tight (at the most around 5-6%) and their revenue growth isnt really that great the past 2 years (2011 and 2012). Their free cahsflow for 2012 was great but it was -ve in 2011 so the high FCF in 2012 could be due to lower receivables.
What's your valuation for this company ? And also did you have time to look at Willow ?
house, prolexus gross margin is 15%. The 5-6% you are talking about is the net profit margin. Yeah, you are right in most of your other comments. The performance and cash flows last financial year ending 31/7/2012 was exceptionally good, spike up in ROE to 16.3% due to higher margin from 3% to 5.1%, high EPS, almost double to 24.2 sen. Great cash flows because of lowering of receivables which is a very good sign. Balance sheet improved a lot with 10m debts retired. Yeah this good performance may not repeat in the future. But do you notice that for the last 6 months, it has already made 22 sen EPS?
Using a simple ROE valuation with a required return of 12%, Prolexus is worth RM1.91 per share. That is basing the performance of last year.
Does Success Transformer satisfies the 5 yardsticks of Cold Eye? The table below details the 5 metrics of Success compared with the yardsticks:
1 ROE 14.3% <15% Net profit 32243 Equity 225255 2 Cash flows Bad CFFO 11043 CFFO/NP<100% FCF -10698 Negative 3 PE ratio 5.3 <10 Price 1.25 EPS 0.235 4 Dividend yield, % 2.4 <3% Dividend , sen 3.0 5 Price/NTA 0.82 <1 NTA 1.53
Though success Transformer is successful as an investment in terms of PE ratio (<10), and NTA (P/NTA<1), it is mediocre in ROE (<15%) and dividend yield (<3%). It is particularly poor in cash flows, which to me is the more important metric. Cash flows from operations in 2012 of 11m is just a third of net income. Its free cash flow is not good at all with a negative value because of the need of capital expenses of 21.7m. In fact, Success has no free cash flows for the last three years. Hence it requires continue to borrow money to do its business. This is evident from its borrowing increasing from 15 m in 2009 to 83 m in 2012.
So do you want to invest (emphasis, invest, not speculate) in Success?
Value Investing. Does Lii Hen satisfies the 5 yardsticks of Cold Eye?
The table below details the 5 metrics of Lii Hen compared with the yardsticks:
5 yardstick of investing by Cold Eye for Lii Hen 1 ROE 15.9% >15% Net profit 21363 Equity 134697 2 Cash flows OK CFFO 19063 89% CFFO/NP FCF 6899 Positive OK 3 PE ratio 4.6 <10 Price 1.64 EPS 0.357 4 Dividend yield, % 7.3 >3.5 Dividend , sen 12.0 5 Price/NTA 0.76 <1 NTA 2.16
It appears that Lii Hen meets all the requirements of a value stock. However we need to check to ensure that there is at least a growth in line with the growth of the overall economy and the company is not too risky to invest in.
The company’s revenue and net profit has been growing at a CAGR of 16% and 45% respectively for the last 7 years. Together with the anticipated housing recovery in the US where the company has been exporting its furniture product to, we can say the growth will still be there for some years.
With a total debt-to-capital ratio of 0.17, we can safely say that there is little risk of bankruptcy for this company.
It is concluded here that Lii Hen is a great value stock to invest in.
where is the best place to view this details daily?? some are available in the company reports and some indicators are always changing ones.. so where to view this changing indicators?? any site online? a good one please recommend
Which is a better stock, Lii Hen or Latitude Tree?
I have stated that Lii Hen meets all the requirements of a value stock and that there is also reasonable growth in the business and it is also not a risky stock basing on its balance sheet. But how is it compared to Latitude Tree, a comparable furniture exporter and also a value stock if you analyze its financial?
Lii Hen Latitude Growth Trailing twelve months Revenue 22% -1.0% NI 92% 122.2%
Lii Hen has a nice growth of its revenue of 22% the last twelve month whereas the revenue for Latitude is basically flat. However, Latitude's net income grew at a higher rate. Between the two, I will prefer Lii Hen which has a good revenue growth which is a higher quality growth and also has a good growth in earnings.
It is such a coincidence that both Lii Hen and Latitude has similar kind of margins as shown below.
Margins Lii Hen Latitude Operating margin 7.9% 7.9% NI Margin 6.2% 6.4%
But which is more efficient?
Efficiencies Lii Hen Latitude NI Margin 6.2% 6.4% Asset turnover 1.75 1.25 Leverage 1.47 1.55 ROE 15.9% 12.5% ROIC 17.3% 13.1%
The winner for ROE is Lii Hen with ROE of 15.9%, higher than my requirement of 15%. You can see from the dissection of ROE above that Lii Hen wins in the metric of asset turnover, meaning more sales in relation to assets it holds, even though it has a lower net profit margin and financial leverage.
Lii Hen's return of invested capital at 17.3% is also substantially better than that of Latitude Tree.
One would think that due to the efficiency of Lii Hen, it should be valued higher than latitude, but is it?
Market valuation Lii Hen Latitude PE ratio 4.6 3.7 EV/Ebit 3.2 4.1
In term of PE ratio, yes, Lii Hen is valued higher than Latitude. But PE ratio is not a true reflection of whether it is cheaper, especially when debts is involved. A better comparison should be the enterprise value over earnings before interest and tax to account for both capital providers. In term of EV/EBIT, it is surprised that Latitude is valued higher at 4.1 compared to 3.2 of Lii Hen. Anyway, both stocks are value stock using this metric.
Thank you very much. I was wondering about this myself. Can you recommend a good book, with Excel templates for working our ROE, WACC etc, like you do?
arv18, sorry i don't know of any book with Excel templates to calculate those ratios and metrics. I think if you Google, you may find some in the net to do some simple computations.
I do it myself starting from the financial statements from Bursa website. One must of course have some basic knowledge of reading and interpreting financial statements and know how to use Excel spreadsheets. If one doesn't have that it may be a little difficult at the beginning. But they aren't difficult to learn and then practice to make perfect. If not, he also can use calculator to compute those numbers.
Posted by Lucky88 > Jun 14, 2013 04:55 PM | Report Abuse Hm.. I think CSL could beat all your PE, ROE, NTA, ...
Yeah Lucky, thanks for your contribution here. CSL is definitely a value stock if you use Cold Eye's 5 yardsticks. Actually I didn't do any computation and i already know. Why?
Let me show you the return you can get if you buy CSL at various point of time since it listed more than a year ago as tabled below:
CSL 0.300 14/06/2013 Period 2-week 6-month 1 year Since listing Price 0.36 0.78 1.42 1.00 Return of stock -16.7% -61.5% -78.9% -70.0% CAR -99% -85.2% -78.9% -60.4% Dividend 1.1% 21.0% Stock price appreciation -99% -85.2% -80.0% -81.4%
The table shows it doesn't matter when you purchase CSL, you would have lost money. the loss is heavy, for example, if you have bought CSL 1 year ago, you would have lost 78.9%! So investors of CSL have to sing the song "Cry Me A River" by Julie London. Have you ever wonder why?
there is no 100% safe investment. criteria is a guide. ultimately it's you who decide to invest in shares, properties or reits. everybody has their own preference
While it is good, one thing to think about Lii Hen is its corporate governance. With so much related party transaction going on... for example this one...
Paragon Progress FD, LHF to purchase RM21.6 million Monthly Chua Lee Seng Sdn Bhd8 the lacquer, thinner and Tan Bee Eng - principally involved furniture parts and Tok Heng Leong in manufacturing of to award finishing works Chua Yong Haup coating, polyurethane furniture parts
and this one...
Double Soon Huat FD to award sub-contract RM2.0 million Monthly Chua Yong Haup Enterprise7 work for furniture parts - furniture parts and components sub-contractor
why do we need a subcontracter in the family???!!!!
I think another criteria to add in would be good corporate governance. Which will effectively rule out CSL. And the likes of XingQuan, Xidelang.
Freight was good at one point but now it is just too exp! I really like the good corporate governance.
Hey guys. KC has taken the time to show you how to do FA. The POINT of the Cold 5 Eye Yardstick is to enable you to make a quick "Cold" decision, without getting too emotionally involved. Whether or not a company is involved in RPTs is secondary to this initial analysis. Of course it is important, but that is not what is being discussed here.
@Jonathan Keung is KC promising a 100% guarantee with this analysis? Is he charging you a fee for this valuable knowledge? Why don't you take this time to do the sums yourself and see if it works out for you?
Thanks for all the constructive comments. I particularly appreciate xingxian's input regarding Lii Hen's RPT issues which I myself have not paid particular attention to. This is a very important issue, I agree.
What Jonathan said is also very true. He helps me to forewarn others what I have written is a guide and each and everyone has to make his own decision.
arv18, I have my own "template" for analysing a company's business. I made it up myself. However, it is not user friendly. One needs to do quite a bit of work like input all the financials; income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. Once input these information, you can get the ratios and some metrics. Let me know if you are interested.
Yes please, that would be great. I also wouldn't mind knowing how you ascertain good governance, as you did in your high dividend yield stock post (in addition to the very valid point xingxian raised about RPTs). Cheers.
Hi @kcchongnz, if you don't mind, could you send a copy of your FA worksheet to achilles_hee@hotmail.com? Many thanks.
I have hard time calculating ROIC actually, according to morningstar definition you based upon, ROIC=NOPAT/IC The issue is how to judge IC (invested previous year) like you do.. Can I interpret it as Total asset - (free cash flow at the end of last year?) - (non-interest bearing current liabilities ex:payable, provision, deferred tax) - (other liabilities ex: pension fund etc.?)
sensemaker i just copied that from the annual report. the term is to be renewed monthly. not 21 million monthly. but anyway if u sum up all the RPT it is about 10% of Lii Hen's sales I believe. .
But I think the profit of these deals that they rake out for the family can be as high as 20% of the company profit? I don't know la I dont invest in them and I focus on a different list. if anyone has done some research on this would be great if he can share it!
Lii Hen is good but i think there are other choices also which i am more comfortable with the corporate governance.
Hi kc, i am new and have read a many of your posts....would be grateful if you could send a copy of your template to spapeter@gmail.com . Thank you in advance
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Posted by kcchongnz > 2013-03-17 18:37 | Report Abuse
Cold Eye冷眼’s 5 yardsticks for investment Cold Eye, during his talk on 16/3/2013, listed 5 important criteria for investing in a stock as below: 1. Return on equity, ROE, 2. Cash flow from operations and free cash flow, 3. PE ratio, 4. Dividend yield and 5. Net tangible asset backing per share, NTA If you invest RM100,000 in a business, you would want to have a reasonable return from the capital, or equity you put in. A business is risky and probably you may want a minimum return of say 25%. For investing in the share market, you may want a minimum return say 10%, 6% above the return you get from bank deposit? If the business only returns you 4%, why would you want to invest in it when you can get that rate from FD without having any worries at all? In your business, you would expect that all your debtors pay you promptly and that you don’t have to stock up a lot of inventories which will tied up your capital. Otherwise you would have to put in more capital each year even though you make money. I would expect the hard cash I can received must be about the earnings I make each year. My business would also require capital expenses each year to keep it going, better growing bigger so that I would earn more in the future. This I would need to buy more and replenish the equipment , buy or open more shops etc. It would be ideal if these expenses can be met with the cash I receive each year and not having to come up with more of my own money or borrow from bank. After that, I would be happy if there is still money left for me to draw out (as dividend), or the company can have extra money to invest in other lucrative business. This money available after all the capital expenses is termed as free cash flow, or FCF. If the above business make a lot of money, say 30000 a year, or 30%, would you buy it if the asking price is 1 million, or a PE of 33? This will give you a earnings yield of only 3%. Hence a good business does not mean it is a good investment if the price is too high. How nice it would be if the business earns enough for me to draw down 10,000 a year consistently. For my dividend yield would be 10%, 2.5 times that of FD rate. Besides my business is still growing. Well if at the end if I want to exit from the business, if the net tangible asset of my assets worth more than what I put in, or more, I can recoup my initial investment. These assets must of course the more valuable the better, for example hard cash, property and land etc, rather than some money which I have been arguing with the debtors whether they are going to pay me or not, or some inventories which are outdated. Hence NTA is important too although in some businesses, example the service industry where the important assets are its people, its technology or brand name rather than hard assets. Do you have any good stocks meeting the majority of the above criteria as given by Cold Eye to share? Or any lemon you may know which you want to tell others to be careful about? This discussions here is for sharing of knowledge and information and should not be construed as a forum for hard selling or condemning others of their stocks without giving justifications. Kcchongnz 17/3/2013